This study investigates the co-torrefaction of sub-bituminous coal (SBC) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) biomass as a strategy for enhancing the fuel characteristics of biomass-coal blends for sustainable energy applications. A series of experiments were conducted by systematically varying the EFB mass fraction (20–80%), torrefaction temperature (200–300 °C), and residence time (20–60 minutes). The process optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design to evaluate both the individual and interactive effects of these parameters on the higher heating value (HHV) and energy yield (EY) of the resulting............

[1]. Bridgeman, T. G., Jones, J. M., Williams, A., & Waldron, D. J. (2010). An investigation of the grindability of two torrefied energy crops. Fuel, 89, 3911–3918. [2]. Chen, W. H., Peng, J., & Bi, X. T. (2015). A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 44, 847–866. [3]. García Nieto, P. J., García-Gonzalo, E., Paredes-Sánchez, J. P., Bernardo Sánchez, A., & Menéndez Fernández, M. (2019). Predictive modelling of the higher heating value in biomass torrefaction for the energy treatment process using machine-learning techniques. Neural Computing and Applications, 31(12), 8823–8836. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00521-018-3870-X [4]. Lu, K. M., Lee, W. J., Chen, W. H., Liu, S. H., & Lin, T. C. (2012). Torrefaction and low temperature carbonization of oil palm fiber and eucalyptus in nitrogen and air atmospheres. Bioresource Technology, 123, 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.096 [5]. Martín-Lara, M. A., Ronda, A., Zamora, M. C., & Calero, M. (2017). Torrefaction of olive tree pruning: Effect of operating conditions on solid product properties. Fuel, 202, 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.007

Carbon-nanotube (CNT)-filled thermoplastic filaments can combine the geometric freedom of fused filament fabrication (FFF, also termed fused deposition modeling) with electrical, sensing, electromagnetic-shielding, or selected mechanical functions. This critical review evaluates these materials' potential separately from the performance and qualification of printed components for oil-and-gas service. The literature considered includes CNT/polymer feedstock and printed-part studies, relevant work on FFF interlayer structure and test methodology, and reviews of additive manufacturing in energy-sector applications. It is treated as a narrative review rather than a systematic search. Across ABS, PLA, TPU, PBT and PEEK matrices, experimental studies demonstrate printable CNT-containing materials and application-specific........

[1] M. Sireesha, J. Lee, A. S. Kranthi Kiran, V. J. Babu, B. B. T. Kee, S. Ramakrishna, "A review on additive manufacturing and its way into the oil and gas industry," RSC Advances, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03194k
[2] E. B. Caldona, J. R. C. Dizon, R. A. Viers, V. J. García, Z. J. Smith, R. C. Advíncula, "Additively manufactured high-performance polymeric materials and their potential use in the oil and gas industry," MRS Communications, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-021-00134-9
[3] X. Jin, J. Liu, W. Fan, M. Sun, Z. Xiao, Z. Fan, M. Yang, L. Yao, "Research and Applications of Additive Manufacturing in Oil and Gas Extraction and Gathering Engineering," Materials, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143353
[4] E. W. Fenta, B. A. Mebratie, "Advancements in carbon nanotube-polymer composites: Enhancing properties and applications through advanced manufacturing techniques," Heliyon, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36490
[5] X. Luo, H. Cheng, X. Wu, "Nanomaterials Reinforced Polymer Filament for Fused Deposition Modeling: A State-of-the-Art Review," Polymers, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15142980

Water is one of the most important natural resources required for the survival of all living organisms and the sustainable development of society. The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of a domestic wastewater treatment system using sewage collected near Leela mahal Circle in Tirupati District. The plant species Canna Glauca was used in the constructed wetland systems. Two types of constructed wetlands, namely vertical subsurface flow and recirculating systems, were investigated for wastewater treatment. The treated wastewater was analysed for important water quality parameters, including Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids.........

[1]. Abusamra, R., Hasan, A. R., Allimadi, A., Alhajhussein, M., Saleh, M., & Alary, R. (2022). Enhanced fodder production using treated wastewater from a pilot constructed wetland system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 275, 313-322.
[2]. Al-Mashaqbeh,O., Alsalhi, L., Salaymeh, L., Dotro, G., & Lyu, T. (2024). Treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater for water reuse in Jordan using hybrid constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 173634.
[3]. Arivukkarasu D. and Sathyanathan R., "Phytoremediation of domestic sewage using a floating wetland and assessing the pollutant removal effectiveness of four terrestrial plant species", H2Open Journal, 6 (2), 173 (2023)
[4]. Arivukkarasu, D., & Sathyanathan, R. (2024). A sustainable green solution to domestic sewage pollution: Optimizing floating wetland treatment with different plant combinations and growth media. Water Cycle, 5, 185-198.
[5]. Chandrakanth, G., Sri Murali, M., & Vivek Vardhan, C. M. (2016). A study on domestic wastewater treatment by pilot-scale constructed wetlands. International Journal of Chemtech Research, 9(6), 376-383.

The research was designed, installed and tested a Solar PV and battery storage system to guarantee a resilient electricity supply to a small-scale industrial facility located in the Ariaria market of Nigeria, which suffers from fluctuating-loads and intermittency of electricity supply that may disrupt the production process. The instantaneous load and daily electrical consumption were statistically documented regarding temporal and energy demand characteristics. PV grid integration, battery state of charge (SOC) profile, back-up energy capacity and system operational efficiency for adequate drive energy supply during power outages, for critical load and manufacturing were evaluated. The instantaneous load aggregation, time-integrated energy consumption, irradiance-dependent PV drive, temperature-dependent PV drive, battery state of charge (SOC), and energy efficiency mathematical models were created........

[1] Igbogidi, O. N., Dike, B., & Idoniboyeobu, D. C. (2023). Determination of Energy Not Supplied in Power System. American Journal of Engineering Research, 12(2), 108-117.
[2] Amrillah, M. F., Irwan, I., & Yuda, D. P. (2022). Economic impact of 300 kWp PV rooftop penetration on soy sauce companies. TELKA: Telekomunikasi Elektronika Komputasi dan Kontrol, 8(2), 158–164. doi: 10.15575/telka.v8n2.158-164.

[3] Azmi, M. S. F. M., Hussain, M. H., Rahim, S. R. A., Mid, E. C., Shaari, A. S., Hashim, N., Husny, N., & Ahmad, M. F. (2023). Hybrid cooling system for solar photovoltaic panel. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2550(1), Art. no. 012004. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2550/1/012004.
[4] Bagade, P. D. (2021). Maximum power point tracking using indirect adaptive control algorithm and comparison with other MPPT technique. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology. doi: 10.22214/ijraset.2021.37501.
[5] Balogun, E. B., Huang, X., Tran, D., Lin, Y., Liao, M., & Adaramola, M. F. (2015). A robust real-time online comparative monitoring of an azimuthal-altitude dual axis GST 300 and a 45° fixed solar photovoltaic energy tracking systems. In Proc. IEEE SoutheastCon. doi: 10.1109/SECON.2015.7133009.

Esterification of carboxylic acids with glycerol is an important route to glycerides with potential applications in bio-based fuels and fuel additives, lubricants, emulsifiers, and specialty chemicals. Because glycerol contains three hydroxyl groups, esterification generally proceeds through a sequential reaction network in which monoacylglycerols can form diacylglycerols and, subsequently, triacylglycerols. Product distribution depends on catalyst properties and operating variables, including temperature, reactant ratio, water management, phase behaviour, and reaction time. This review examines the available evidence concerning organic calcium catalysts, with particular emphasis on calcium glycerate and calcium.........

[1]. Zapravdina, D. M.; Popov, Y. V.; Zotov, Y. L.; Sapunov, V. N. Calcium glyceroxide promoted esterification of oleic acid with glycerol and its mathematical modelling. Reaction Chemistry & Engineering, v. 10 (11), pp. 2514-2524, (2025), 10.1039/D4RE00458B
[2]. Zotov, Y. L.; Zapravdina, D. M.; Shishkin, E. V.; Popov, Y. V. Study of calcium-containing compounds as catalysts for the esterification of glycerol with higher carboxylic acids. Tonkie Khimicheskie Tekhnologii, v. 18 (3), pp. 175-186 (2023), 10.32362/2410-6593-2023-18-3-175-186
[3]. Mallesham, B.; Govinda Rao, B.; Reddy, B. M. Production of biofuel additives by esterification and acetalization of bioglycerol. Comptes Rendus Chimie , v. 19(10), pp. 1194-1202 (2016). 10.1016/j.crci.2015.09.011
[4]. Santos, M.; Velez, A.; Abburra, R.; Magario, I. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the solvent-free liquid–liquid synthesis of tailor-made glyceride esters. Fuel, v.333, 126261, (2023). 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126461
[5]. Molinero, L.; Ladero, M.; Tamayo, J. J.; García-Ochoa, F. Homogeneous catalytic esterification of glycerol with cinnamic and methoxycinnamic acids to cinnamate glycerides in solventless medium: Kinetic modeling. Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 247, pp. 174-182 (2014). 10.1016/j.cej.2014.02.079

[1] A. Cohen, (2005), Corrosion of copper and copper alloys, (ASM Handbook), Vol. 13B, pp. 136-137.
edition, P.755. nd[2] C.A.C. Sequeira, (2000), Corrosion of copper and copper alloys, 2
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[4] D.C. Silverman, (2000), Practical corrosion prediction using electrochemical techniques, (Corrosion handbook), 2 edition, p. 1179.
edition, nd

[5] E.D. Verink, Jr., (2000), Simplified procedure for constructing pourbaix diagrams, (corrosion handbook), 2 pp. 111-123.

The core dilemma currently facing integrity education for university teachers lies in the fact that integrity requirements are primarily manifested in the form of institutional norms and disciplinary propaganda, which have not yet been transformed into the internal consciousness of the teaching community, with the root cause being that educational methods remain at the level of external constraint rather than entering the realm of value internalization. This paper employs Tönnies' theory of "community" and Dewey's proposition of "education as life" as analytical frameworks to argue that teachers' "academic community" and "professional community" serve as the organizational foundation for the spontaneous generation of the "not daring to be corrupt" consciousness, and further proposes the core proposition.........

[1]. Zhang CP. Cultivating moral rationality and building a culture of integrity[EB/OL]. (2012-02-17). http://jwjc.hust.edu.cn/info/1011/2100.htm
[2]. Yi ZD, Zhang ZC. The generative logic and governance paths of micro-power corruption in colleges and universities[J]. Journal of Wenzhou University (Social Sciences), 2025, 38(6): 14-25.
[3]. Panzhihua West District Converged Media Center. The integrity code in the Third-Line Construction[EB/OL]. (2025-08-07).
[4]. Tönnies F. Community and Civil Society[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
[5]. Xu Y. The construction of the ethical community of university teachers[J]. Modern Education Review, 2017(4).

Waste-to-energy (WtE) initiatives have emerged as a critical solution to the dual challenges of waste management and sustainable energy production. This paper explores the entrepreneurial landscape within the Waste to energy sector, highlighting key opportunities for innovation and economic growth. Entrepreneurs in the WtE domain are uniquely positioned to address pressing environmental concerns while capitalizing on the growing demand for renewable energy sources. Integrating renewable energy systems with waste management infrastructure offers a synergistic approach to energy generation and resource recovery..........

[1]. Asthana, A., Mukherjee, S., Misra, G. P., & Babbar, P. (2018). Challenges in establishing waste-to-energy projects in developing countries with a case study from India.
[2]. Bag, S., Dubey, R., & Mondal, N. (2015). Solid waste to energy status in India: a short review. Discovery, 39(177), 75-81.
[3]. Gaurav, J. K., Rathi, V., Burnwal, K., & Chaturvedi, A. (2019). Green startups in India: Challenges and opportunities. Special Issue on Environment, 235, 234.
[4]. https://eacpm.gov.in/wpcontent/uploads/2024/05/Solid_Waste_management_Updated.pdf
[5]. https://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/concepts.html

This study asks how temple Vāstu differs from residential Vāstu and what is lost when either is reduced to a directional classification. It combines source-specific textual comparison, documentary case analysis, a bounded examination of contemporary promotional claims, and an exact geometric audit. The textual corpus comprises architectural and installation passages of the Bṛhatsaṃhitā, selected Mānasāra chapters in P. K. Acharya's translation, and the Kāmikāgama's gnomon procedure, with Ṛgvedic and Purāṇic passages contextualizing sacred inhabitation and traditional authority........

[1] Ṛgveda 7.54.1. Vāstusūktam, accented and unaccented Sanskrit transcription. Sanskrit Documents. https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_veda/vAstusUktam.html
[2] Varāhamihira. Bṛhatsaṃhitā. Sanskrit digital text credited to Michio Yano and Mizue Sugita, based on A. V. Tripathi's Sarasvati Bhavan Granthamala edition, with Kern and Utpala references; proofread presentation at Sanskrit Documents. Chapters 52, 55, and 59. https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_sociology_astrology/bRRihatsaMhitA.html
[3] Iyer, N. Chidambaram, trans. 1884. Bṛhat Saṃhitā. Chapters 53 (Vāstuvidyā) and 56 (Prāsādalakṣaṇa) in this translation. Digital reproduction at Wisdom Library: https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brihat-samhita/d/doc229297.html ; https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brihat-samhita/d/doc229301.html
[4] Acharya, Prasanna Kumar, trans. 1933. Architecture of Mānasāra. London: Oxford University Press. Chapters 7, 36, 37, and 38. Digital reproduction at Wisdom Library: https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manasara-english-translation/d/doc421053.html.....

Indian musical instruments, such as the Banam, combine strings with a resonating membrane. In this study, we investigate the acoustic properties of the Banam musical in-strument. Initially, the Banam is played, and the resulting audio signal is recorded using an audio recorder. The recorded signal is plotted, and its frequency content is analysed using the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) rather than the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to capture its time-varying characteristics. The power spectrum and spectrogram are used to investigate the energy distribution across frequencies and the variation in frequency con-tent over time, respectively.........

[1] Baski, B. and Ka¨mpchen, M. (2019) Banam: One of the ancient musical instruments of the Santals. Bishnubati, West Bengal: Ghosaldanga Bishnubati Adibasi Trust.
[2] National Museum, New Delhi (n.d.) Cadence and Counterpoint: Documenting San-tal Musical Traditions. Available at: Documentation of Santal musical traditions.
[3] Askenfelt, A., 1986. Measurement of bow motion and bow force in violin playing. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 80(4), pp.1007-1015.
[4] Cremer, L. (1984) The Physics of the Violin. Translated by J.S. Allen. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[5] Friedlander, F.G. (1953) On the oscillations of the bowed string.Mathematical Pro-ceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 49, pp. 516–530.[1] Baski, B. and Ka¨mpchen, M. (2019) Banam: One of the ancient musical instruments of the Santals. Bishnubati, West Bengal: Ghosaldanga Bishnubati Adibasi Trust.
[2] National Museum, New Delhi (n.d.) Cadence and Counterpoint: Documenting San-tal Musical Traditions. Available at: Documentation of Santal musical traditions.
[3] Askenfelt, A., 1986. Measurement of bow motion and bow force in violin playing. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 80(4), pp.1007-1015.
[4] Cremer, L. (1984) The Physics of the Violin. Translated by J.S. Allen. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[5] Friedlander, F.G. (1953) On the oscillations of the bowed string.Mathematical Pro-ceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 49, pp. 516–530.[1] Baski, B. and Ka¨mpchen, M. (2019) Banam: One of the ancient musical instruments of the Santals. Bishnubati, West Bengal: Ghosaldanga Bishnubati Adibasi Trust.
[2] National Museum, New Delhi (n.d.) Cadence and Counterpoint: Documenting San-tal Musical Traditions. Available at: Documentation of Santal musical traditions.
[3] Askenfelt, A., 1986. Measurement of bow motion and bow force in violin playing. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 80(4), pp.1007-1015.
[4] Cremer, L. (1984) The Physics of the Violin. Translated by J.S. Allen. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[5] Friedlander, F.G. (1953) On the oscillations of the bowed string.Mathematical Pro-ceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 49, pp. 516–530.